The War I And World War II - 1660 Words

Two of the most significant events in thehistory of the world were World War I and World War II. World War I occurred from 1914 to 1918. World War I was caused by militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism and assassination (MANIA). The first four causations were more of a build-up to it. Then, once the Arch-Duke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, the buildup was sparked. This can be compared to pouring gasoline on the ground and then lighting it on fire. World War II occurred from 1939 to 1945.World War II was caused by the discontent of Germany towards the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles assigned Germany blame for the war, and forced them to pay reparations, reduce their army and relinquish their territory. Also, Japan had discontent about the treaty as well. This is because they felt as if they should receive some of Germany’s land because of Japan’s assistance to the Allies during the war. Then, some years after the war, Britain and France invaded Germany because of Germany’s actions during the time. Germany rolled through Poland and France while destroying everything in their path. The respective wars had differing degrees of involvement from the United States. The First World War had limited involvement from the United States. However, The Second World War had involvement from the United States due to the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese. The similarities between the causes of the two wars were the involvement of Germany andShow MoreRelatedWar I And World War II919 Words   |  4 Pageshistorians debate rather World War I and World War II were two different parts to the same war or if they are separate and distinct wars. Even though World War I and World War II were very different wars, and there were many years in between the two, the outcomes of World War I caused for World War II to happen because of unresolved issues. World War II is a continuation of World War I. World War I lasted four years and was the first total war in history. Before World War I Europe was doing well theyRead MoreWar I And World War II1517 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history the United States has been involved in many different wars. Their involvement has brought forth many significant events and changes that have affected the American way of life. I will briefly discuss the events and the United States involvement in World War I and World War II. I will give a brief overview of both wars and explain exactly how and why the United States joined in each. The term First World War was first used in 1914 by Ernst Haeckel, who stated that, there is noRead MoreThe War I And World War II944 Words   |  4 PagesFrom piles of bodies in no man’s land to Jewish death camps, the level of violence found within World War I and World War II was extreme even for wartime standards. These experiences shaped generations to come through the memories passed on by those who lived through such atrocities. Both Ernst Junger and Art Spiegelman carry on these memories through the book Storm of Steel and graphic novel Maus. Their pieces both give glimpses into the lives of the past and the violence in which those individualsRead MoreThe War I And World War II1191 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction During World War I and World War II life back home changed excessively. When the soldiers went to fight in World War 1 and World War 2, women and children had to replace men in the workforce. There was an increase in those affected by the trauma of the wars, and the birth-rates dropped during this time. Family Families were affected by the trauma and exposure of the war, causing mental illnesses such as depression. Young children had been exposed to the trauma of war. A great deal of pressureRead MoreWorld War I And The War II1518 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II was a war that ended in much tragedy. There were over 60 million casualties. Throughout World War II there was how it started, the Nazi Regime, and some of the major battles. Much of the war was about the Germans bringing together a group of people called the Nazis. They were under the rule of Adolf Hitler. There were two groups fighting against each other: the Axis powers and the Allied powers. The Axis powers consisted of Japan, Italy, and Germany. The Allied powers were GreatRead MoreWar I And World War II1264 Words   |  6 Pages During any war, there will alwaAys be alliances made which stick even after the war has been dissolved. Postwar foreign policy after wars such as World War I and World War II was complicated and both had their similarities and differences from each other. World War I (WWI) strengthened our international relations with many countries, It also deteriorated some relations as well and set the stage for America becoming a great power. World War II (WWII) had some of the same effects, solidating ourRead MoreWar I And World War II771 Words   |  4 Pagessought to stay out of both World War I and World War II only to be pulled in by intense happenings that inflicted chaos on the nations people. World War II would be a time in American history that would bring many fresh war tactics and developments, that helped to pull a depraved nation from the depths of a depression as well as pled ge the freedom and prosperity of its opposing nations. Dangerous discoveries will be made in the world would be left to be governed by two world powers. Hoping to remainRead MoreWorld War I and World War II700 Words   |  3 PagesMany people know about World War I and World War II seeing that they are a couple of the world’s most famous wars. Have you ever wondered how much you really know? This paper is here to inform you of all of the propaganda used to persuade people to follow Hitler, the Nazi party, and Stalin, terms that were used during this time period, and some of the very important people involved in World War I and in World War II. In the heat of World War I there were two groups, the Allies and the Central PowersRead MoreThe War I And World War II911 Words   |  4 Pages There are many countries in the world that have a great history. Their antiquity benefited them in one way or another. One of these nations is France, which is known to have glorious events in the past. These events have made France the way it is now. For example, World War I, and World War II. However, these events were not the only thing that had a major role in France’s history some people are involved as well, such as Napoleon Bonaparte I and Louis Napoleon III. Those two men controlled FranceRead MoreThe War I And World War II881 Words   |  4 PagesCOMPARISONS The second half of the twentieth century was very troubled for many countries. Immediately after World War II, another war would start; the Cold War. Fortunately the Cold War was not near as bloody as World War I and World War II, but it was also harmful to multiple countries. At the time, Democracy and Communism were fighting against each other to be the most dominant ideology in the world and consequently the most influential one. Africa was colonized by many European countries and Democracy

The Theory of Alienation Proven Wrong People are more...

There term alienation is a phenomenon when people feeling isolated. This could be due to the environment they live in or as a result of other factors. Most people believe that there is a tendency to become alienated when they live their communities but in most cases it is the other way around, people can still be alienated even more than an outsider in their own communities. According to Karl Marx’s Manuscripts of 1844, alienation is defined as: the separation of things that naturally belong together, or to put antagonism between things that are properly in harmony. In the concepts most important use, it refers to the social alienation of people from aspects of their human nature (Gattungswesen, usually translated as species-essence†¦show more content†¦Alienation occurs as a result of people feeling different or abnormal from other members of their class, group, organization, or society. The kinds of alienation are: self-imposed alienation, racial, social, political, economic, forced alienation, alienation due to physical traits, alienation within a family, isolation, paranoid alienation. People become alienated whenever they feel different from the environment in which they live in. The Internationals or foreigners are the most common people to become alienated. Most of them experience culture shocks and find it difficult to adapt to the culture and the habitat of the foreign country. In colleges, International students experience more alienation than the American students. Studies have shown that due to difficulty inShow MoreRelated Socialism Essay1751 Words   |  8 Pagesdifference between socialist and capitalist ideas. The question becomes not so much as what is socialism, but how does it differ from capitalism, and what is wrong with capitalistic ideas to where we would need socialism. The problem becomes where do you draw the line between capitalism and socialism to where we have trust, sense of community and also competition? If the answer were that simple we would live in a perfect society. A problem that is happening in our society is that intellectual conversationsRead MoreEssay on The Goal of Functionalism in Religion1748 Words   |  7 Pagessociety. Sigmund Freud, Emile Durkheim, and Karl Marx were all functionalist who developed theories as to why religion was such a major part of their society. Their views are very different from the two theorists E.B. Tylor and James Frazer, as they believed humans were using religion to try and explain the unknowns in the world. Though all three of the men took a fundamentalist approach to religion, their theories to explain religion have some major differences between them. Sigmund Freud, who is predominatelyRead More2074 Final Notes Essay6510 Words   |  27 Pagesgoods if for the benefit of both parties, without no ethics involved in the exchange. / Though competition, comes social harmony and utility. The market is a self correcting mechanism because it forces us to be truthful and honest, we should not scam people because this is not beneficial to us in the future. Sen-Trust: Smith’s point is not entirely true. / Trust is what ultimately makes exchange works, if we do not trust others, nothing would ever het done. We may be self interested, but we should alsoRead MorePolice Subculture : Ethics And Ethics3966 Words   |  16 Pagesprocess, which ultimately leads to misconduct. Police, like most professions, have a secretive yet unique type subculture because the lifestyles of its members are significantly different. Law enforcement officers tend to befriend other officers or people with similar roles within the criminal justice system. Many times, friendships extend to firefighters and other civil service personnel to include military members. Law enforcement officers are inducted into the police subculture early in their careerRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesrecognize when regular audits of quality compliance will not guarantee customer loyalty Businesses are growing more intricate and at warp speed. For example, consider the effects of venture capital financing, multiple marketing channel distribution, and entirely new patterns of employee recruiting, development, and training. In addition, product and services launches increasingly require more effective development initiatives. Rapidly increasing numbers of new offerings—from Web-oriented modules toRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesBehavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town DubaiRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesgeneration of entrepreneurs. A fair number of the older cases have faced significant changes in the last few years, for better or for worse, and these we have captured to add to learning insights. After so many years of investigating mistakes, and more recently successes also, it might seem a challenge to keep these new editions fresh and interesting. The joy of the chase has made this an intriguing endeavor through the decades. Still, it is always difficult to abandon interesting cases that have

A Difference in Opinion free essay sample

The loose gravel of the hiking path crunched underneath our feet as our group from my paper-flat hometown gradually scaled a tall hill in the Marin Headlands Institute. Led by a camp counselor, we were an odd assortment of tired parents assisting their bedraggled children and bedraggled children assisting their tired parents. Despite the fatigue most of us felt in our untrained legs, we all continued. We’d been promised a beautiful view of the Headlands at a mysterious locale known as â€Å"Plateau of the Gods†. We were reminded of the Institute’s appreciation for nature when the hike stopped so we could watch the way light refracted through a hummingbird’s iridescent feathers and admire how rapidly its tiny wings beat the air. Eventually, the gravel path faded and was replaced by lush, slightly damp growth. We made a few small leaps and found ourselves standing on the peak, what I determined was paradise. We will write a custom essay sample on A Difference in Opinion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The other green hills spread out below us like a rippling blanket until they vanished seamlessly into the blue-gray water of the Pacific Ocean, gleaming in the late-morning sunlight. The peak we stood on, about the width of a large bedroom, was just as breathtaking. Plush grasses carpeted the open area in the center. Small tufts of violet flowers framed the edges and laced the roots of a small but elegant tree. The visual effect was so perfect that it might have been choreographed. Surely, this was the Plateau of the Gods. At that moment, the counselor crossed the peak and pointed downward, â€Å"Here is the Plateau of the Gods.† Looking in the direction she indicated, I saw a large rectangle of concrete, a helicopter pad built during World War II when America used the Headlands as a military base. The unexpected disparity between the Institute’s views of what deserved the distinction of a name and mine highlighted a change in my thinking brought on by the visit. Seeing the untouched natural beauty of the Headlands replaced my relative indifference toward ideas like pollution and global warming with an environmental mind I’d never known before. That day our group ate lunch on the military relic. However, the next time I visited the Headlands, with my parents in tow, I rested on soft grasses, on the true Plateau of the Gods.

My speech is all about piracy Essay Example

My speech is all about piracy Paper Piracy refers to illegally copying or distributing unauthorized software or music, mostly the internet is the medium for advertising, offering, acquiring, or distributing pirated software. Everyone can create a website. Besides, the explosive growth of e-commerce and mp3 sites and programs, such as mp3. com and Napster, have made it even easier for criminals to distribute software and music through the internet. This has decreased sales of legal software and audio-cds. An estimated 2 million web pages offer, link to, or otherwise reference warez software the internet code word for pirated software. A recent investigation indicates that more than 60% of software sold through internet auction sites is counterfeit and more than 90% is sold in violation of the publishers license agreement. History of piracy Since the beginning of the personal computer there was piracy. The floppy disk was made to transfer your documents to any computer you like. This opened a bridge to piracy, everyone could copy entire programs and give or sell them to others. Nowadays youll be looking for a needle in a haystack to find software which isnt secured for copying. Thats logic, because many people have or have access to a burner. We will write a custom essay sample on My speech is all about piracy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My speech is all about piracy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My speech is all about piracy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With the rise of the burner the sale of recordable cds rose too, and the market is still growing Im sure everybody knows Microsoft Encarta. This encyclopaedia was protected against copying, but the newest version isnt! Microsoft decided not to waste money at the development of a good protecting-system and decreased the price. Microsoft made this move because they know that their software would be cracked anyway and hope to sell more of their product. To give you an example of the cracking of Microsoft software, last week but I got the opportunity to get a working copy ( in Dutch !) of the new operating system, Microsoft XP, even a day before the official release of the software. Now the three million dollar question: why should we pay for that nice new audio-cd or programme if you can get a copy for a few guilders? The development costs money. This applies both to music as well for software. If you buy legal software youll have the right to get technical support and to get free or cheap updates of your software, if available. Besides, legal software is, with a few exceptions, bug and virus-free. What actions are being taken to stop piracy? To stop piracy several organisations were set up, such as the Dutch Buma/Stemra and the BSA. The Buma/Stemra cooperates with the Public Prosecutor, the police and other Criminal Investigation Departments. Buma/Stemra is an organisation which tries to find the illegal music sources and prosecutes them. In the worst case you can put in prison for a maximum of four years and fine hundreds of thousands of guilders. The BSA, Business Software Alliance, is the world s leading organisation dealing with the use of illegal software. The BSA busted the illegal software-collection-cd-rom Twilight nearly three years ago, but after a short period of inactivity Twilight is still up and running. BSA has approximately 65 hotlines around the world for callers who seek information about or wish to report piracy. The BSA set up hundreds of criminal cases, closed down pirate internet sites, stops the illegal sale of pirated software through the internet and seizes illegal cd presses. All money collected from settlements is used to fund the organizations education and enforcement programs. My opinion about piracy. I think piracy is the direct result of the high prices. But not only that, the PlayStation became so popular because you have the opportunity to copy the cd-roms. Some people, including me, think that Sony on purpose created the possibility to copy them to get a high profit of the machines. There is a slight chance piracy can be stopped, because you cant check everything anywhere. If the prices of legal software and updates decrease a lot people would buy more legal and less illegal software.

Strategic marketing Essays

Strategic marketing Essays Strategic marketing Essay Strategic marketing Essay In today’s economy, marketing is the second critical area in business because it’s the machine or the engine house in business driving it in the right direction. Why? Because when used correctly, its the biggest profit-making tools to find in business. It’s the skill that makes or breaks every business. In real terms, marketing is all about discovering (identifying), addressing and answering the customer’s needs. Because what’s   interesting to you is irrelevant to the customer. What the they want is something that answers their needs not your product or services. Every CEO in an organization need to understand everything about what is going on in business rather that delegating such responsibilities to someone lower in the organization irrespective of him participating in the marking process or not. Thus it is very important to look at your marketing strategy. Replace yourself with that of your customer and see if you will respond to your own advertisement or promotion. If your responds is negative, it’s a bad news! Neither will your customers respond to it. If you cannot see clearly how your strategy or campaign will sell, dump it. When your marketing efforts do not bring new customers to your business and generate sales, then it’s a waste  Ã‚   of money and resources. However to go about this you need to ask yourself one important question. Why should a customer buy from me?. This is the most important question you can ask yourself. Its called â€Å"Value Proposition(VP)†.it’s a special promise you make to your customers that only you can offer, which gives you an edge and compels your customer to want to buy from you instead of someone else. It makes you â€Å"Unique†Ã‚   .So what I’m saying is that-â€Å"make yourself unique† .If you do not have value proposition (vp), I suggest you stop everything and look for one now. Because, without it you have no positioning, no edge and no reason for customers to buy from you other than, perhaps price. It’s the cornerstone to marketing and without it you cannot compete. Your starting point however is always with your customer. Go out and sit face to face with them. Target those who have come in contact with your business yet did not buy from you. Try to discover why they did not buy and address them. Note that those who did not buy or those who refuse to buy will enjoy giving you some feedback, which will tell you how to overcome their resistance and objection in the future. Also they will see that the company cares. In a simple process ask them the following question with respect and politeness: -Why did you choose not to buy or purchase from us? -What could we do next time? -What did like or dislike about us, if anything? -What did you like about our competition that you feel we adopt? -Etc. Once you think you have found you Value Proposition, remember to test it first. Try it in a limited number of ads or brochures and compare the sales or query rate with your usual methods .Example 1:consider a client want a n advertisement written, planned and placed for $10,000.Usually he spends this same amount on   advertisement and it brought $20,000 worth of business and he has been happy. Suppose we write similar ad for him of   the same size   and cost to bring him $100,000 worth of business. imagine how impression will be like. With the same time and effort one can be as much as five times more successful than another. All   because of strategic marketing. Example 2:Creating a magic experience makes your organization becomes more memorable and more people will want to do business with you. Now consider a restaurant giving free snacks and juice to all patrons who are waiting for a table. Staffs usually bring out sample of its entrees and deserts, offering them to those who are waiting. Not only this keeps people happy when waiting, but it encourages the sale of items patrons rarely order. However remember if someone else in your market is offering the same thing, your VP is therefore not unique and its not a VP. And so to create magic, you must be different-think outside the square; whatever others are doing, do not do that. Start by saying thank you to your customers in a meaningful way. Send them a note, a card, some flowers, or a gift basket. Call them later and tell them how much you appreciate doing business with them. Give them the occasional freebies. Invite them back with gift certificate. Do small things that cost you very little but means a lot to your customers. Introduce fun into your business and have fun with your customers. Go one step further. If any one else is offering their customers a cup of tea or coffee, offer yours with cappuccino or fresh squeezed orange juice. if others starts into cappuccinos and orange juice, offer a cocktail! it doesn’t matter how; just be different. Value Proposition (VP) and Price When a good VP has been created that is compelling and that delivers, then you can almost raise your price. Because your VP is unique to you   and can not be found else where is also a reason for increasing the price signifying uniqueness and quality. Doing this some customers may leave you or choose not to. That’s fine! -Don’t panic. Some customers are just not profitable and it ok to let them go somewhere. You can’t afford to keep servicing them anyway without making profit on them But not that if your VP is on the mark, you will attract many new customers who are will and happy to pay your price. In most cases they will pay without hesitating. OTHER VARIABLES In strategic marketing, the key focus is on the customer because business today is no longer about market share but about the share of a single customer. It may sound absurd to you, but usually advertising is not the key way to increase revenue. It is high risk and generally does not work as well as it should. Before spending another cent and risk your business health on in effective advertisings, you first need to develop the cheap, low-risk alternatives for increasing your revenue. And this involves three-strategy implementation. Which are: -Strategy one: Constantly attract new customers. -Strategy two: Develop ways to generate more revenue on each sale. -Strategy three: Develop ways to ensure your customers purchase from you again and again. Working vigorously on these three will generate a thriving, profitable business. The problem with most business today is that they focus on strategy one and forget the rest. However, when a business starts, it has no option but to focus on getting new customers. But once this has been achieved, the other two methods must be used to make sure that the business is a real success. Moreover, allocating all your resources to getting new customers is the most expensive and least profitable strategy. Because it cost six times more to attract new customers than it does to do business with an existing customer. Thus when you begin to use the new strategy and maximize your existing customers, things rapidly change for better. Remember, a customer who has done business with you is likely to be happy with you and feels comfortable with you making them your best prospective buyers for an immediate new transaction, cross-sale. So do not waste the chance. Implementing the three strategy will depend if you are prepared to look there are effective, lower-risk and lower cost opportunity for improving sales than just advertising and they include: -Adding value or creating a new value proposition -Increasing your price -Increasing loyalty and repeat business -Cross selling or selling other product in your range. -Converting more prospect into paying customers It’s not that companies should never advertise but should do this only after maximizing all these opportunities. Once sales are maximize at low risk, then profit can be reinvested into advertising. Since VP and price has been looked upon, lets focus now on Loyalty, cross-selling and Up-selling. Loyalty To have a successful business, your marketing strategy should focus on attracting new customers and hold onto customers faster than you lose them. Although all business lose customers, a successful marketing needs to hold onto the existing one because the longer they remain, the more you can make them buy from you again and again. If you constantly attracts but not keeping, you are suffering from can be termed to as â€Å"leaking† syndrome. To hold on to your customer you need practices just as earlier discussed: Get to know your customer, provide a magic experience, test your VP, take   risk   from   your   customers (provide a Money- back guarantee policy) and build a staff culture and attitude that makes the difference. Cross-selling Customers usually buy in a sequence of product or service because satisfying one need brings about another. How many time have you gone to do shopping and return with what you intend to buy with lot more? when you get to know your customers very well, you will identify sequence in their buying behavior. It can be use to builds a range of secondary products and services that they will want to buy. At time questions like â€Å" would you like   a shoe with that? Asking question which are very simple but rich in common sense are very necessary because one in every three of these customers will always say yes. Thus it involve selling product that are closely related. Up-selling Always try to increase the value of what you sell. that is you do this when the opportunity arise of offering a customer a slightly different product from what the customer first thought the y would need. Whenever that difference meets their need more exactly, it will increase sales. the rule here is that: don’t try to push something that the customer does not want. EASY SELLING Many organization are still making it hard for customers to buy-whether it’s bad service or customer unfriendly practices and policies. its very bad for business that may ruin it.

Cathodic Electro Deposition Essays

Cathodic Electro Deposition Essays Cathodic Electro Deposition Essay Cathodic Electro Deposition Essay Electrodeposition Coating Process for Automobile Bodies* By Yoshiaki 0YABU,** Nobuo FURUNO,*** Yoji HIRASAWA*** and Hiroshi OMORI **** Synopsis The earlier electrodeposition processwas mainlypursuitedfor the quality control in terms of mass production. However, the coating efficiency was picked up to be a serial problemfrom a standpoint of the harmony between natural circumstancesand humans living-life conditions and the recovery usage of the paint was earnestlysearched. This trend led to the development in various technicalfields. The second impetus on further improvementof electrodeposition paint was due to oil crisis in 1973. The new technology relating to save-energy was developed. In thepaint industries, the further improvedanti-corrosive performance was strongly demanded. This demand also involvedthe developmentof new materials for automobile bodies and even the design of bodiesstructure. In this report, the introduction of electrodeposition process into automobile industries in Japan is hystrically reviewedand the electrodeposition mechanismand the mechanism which deposited materials from the coating film are briefly explained. As the demandfor anti-corrosiveperformance is increased, the coating system in which the anodic oxidation and the dissolutionfrom the object metal can not occur, was aimed and recentlyit was rapidly accepted as the superior system. On the other hand, there is an oppositeopinionfor this trend on the basis of the metal analysis detectedin the deposited film. The characteristics of cationic electrodeposition,in particular, the superior corrosion resistance with regard to the metal dissolution in the wholeelectrodeposition processis explained. In Chapter III, throwingpower which is characteristic for electrodeposition processis described. It is referred that throwingpower is not necessarily determined by the paint performance. Even the electrodeposition coating system, the areas into which the paint liquid does not intrude can not be coated. And it is pointed out that the design of bodiesstructure is inevitablynecessaryas well as the improvement paint performances. of In Chapter IV, the role of the main component,vehicleresin, is introduced. The deviceswhich disperse resin into solvent` water, and factors which determine the polarity of electrodeposition explained. And the are typical resin structure is shown. The paint performanceis greatly effected by the vehicleresin, but it is also deeplyrelated how thepaint is produced and how it is coated. Therefore, it is inferred that thepaint performances are relativelyestimated. In Chapter V, the whole system of electrodepositioncoating process is given. The so-called ` closed-loopsystem which is remarkably characteristic in electrodeposition process, and which is suitably fitted for mass production of automobile bodies is explained. Besides, the pH control technologyof paint bath and the possibility on its future development are referred. Thefurther improvement the recycleusage technology f paint of o is pointed out and the possibility to replyfor the social needssuch as saveenergyand lesspolution is explained. In Chapter VI, thepresent status of electrodeposition processand various technicalproblemsare explained. The summary of this review and authors views for future development are given in thefinal chapter. I. Introduction The development of the electrodeposition coating echnology in automobile bodies industry commenced around 1964 in Japan. In those days, dip coating of water-borne paint was applied to automobile parts after metal pretreatment, and it was confirmed when voltage was applied, the vehicle was deposited at the electrode. This was the beginning of electrodeposition coating. However, the essential point of this technology was not properly comprehended, while the unpublished work was progressing. Before 1963, the small products to which latex emulsion was mainly applied had been produced industrially. In Great Britain, the first major industrial use of electrodeposition coating system was in 1963 when the Pressed Steel Company commenced priming petrol tanks at their Oxford Works. In U. S. A. , the patent on electrodeposition system for automobile bodies and parts such as wheels was published in 1963 from the Ford Motor Company. And when patents emerged, all the automobile industries aimed at them. As the research was going on, the coating technology was proved to attract us with peculiar interests . such as high corrosion resistance of coating and the superior adaptability to mass production. The paint industries in Japan made a great effort to develop this coating technology, while they introduced it from the developed countries which it was attained in a higher level. The Japanese industries, in particular, automobile industries were in rapid progress, and they invested in the installation for the new coating system. Owing to this days trend, the electrodeposition was satisfactorily accepted by most of automobile industries. And in a short period of time, Japan got ahead of Europe and then U. S. A. n its distribution. In the beginning of electrodeposition paint which was mainly composed of natural oils, the film performance as a primer itself was inferior to that of solvent-type polyester primer modified with epoxy resin by spray coating, but the electrodeposition coating system was not followed in terms of throwing power and the coating efficiency. Around 1971, natural circumstances grew worse in proportion to the rapid progress of industrial products and people became sensitive to the recovery of the nature in Japan. The electrodeposition coating system does not emit an organic solvent in the air and in this point of view it fitted the days demand. How- * ** *** **** Received April 11, 1983. Â © 1983 ISIJ Director of Research Department, Nippon Paint Co. , Ltd. , Minami-shinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140. Technical Center, Nippon Paint Co. , Ltd. , Ikeda-nakamachi, Neyagawa 572. Industrial Marine Coatings Division, Nippon Paint Co. , Ltd. , Fukushima, Fukushima-ku, Osaka 553. (994) Review Transactions ISIJ, Vol. 23, 1983 (995) ver, the great mass of water was utilized for rinsing after electrodeposition and it caused the problem of waste treatment. In response to this problem, the treatment of rinsed water was studied, leading to the development of the closed system. In 1969, PPG (the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, U. S. A. ) published the patent on ultrafiltration closed-loop system for electrodeposition coating. The waste treatment of rinsed water after electrodeposition was remarkably impro ved and coating efficiency reached 100 %. This progressed the improvement of the quality and the preparation of large size of ultrafilter and facilitated the industrialization with use of it. Since the oil crisis in 1973, the textile industries were chased up closely by the developing countries which manufactured products cheaply and they were not allowed to keep the technology for mass production. They were demanded to develop the new technological product being provided specific properties by utilizing their fine chemical technology. It can be said that this trend in the textile industries accelerated the development of ultrafilter. In 1975, it happened that an automobile engine was dropped off from the body by severe corrosion of supporting panels which was caused by the salt dispersed on the road in Canada. This led to the big compensation and with a help of its impetus the corrosion protection of automobile bodies were taken as the serial problem which had been prone to be neglected and the design of automobile bodies were begun to study in terms of corrosion protection. Around that time, in order to decrease the weight of automobile bodies, inorganic and organic materials were started to be investigated in esponse to the days demand of saving labor and energy and cationic electrodeposition coating attracted remarkable attention. PPGs patented cathodic electrodeposition system was introduced in 1972. Its first commercial use was for applying the primer on household appliances to gain the advantages of increased detergent resistance and outstanding corrosion resistance. The corrosion resistance of cationic ele ctrodeposition coating was far superior to that of anionic one and the former was substituted for the latter in a few years in Japan. In those days, there had been reported only several papers on the steel surface. In the industrial metal pretreatment line which the phosphating bath was controlled in the proper treatment values, even if the satisfied phosphate coating was not obtained due to the variation of steel surface, the phosphating bath was changed to fit the varied steel surface. Around the time cationic electrodeposition coating was examined to apply to the industrial line, there had been technological competition to protect automobile bodies against corrosion either by the improvement of primer paint or by the development of precoated steel plated with Zn, Ni, or Al. However, the cationic electrodeposition paint of PPG was proved to be far ahead of others and most of the automobile industries in the world accepted it. Consequently, the anti-corrosive performance of the precoated steel for automobile bodies came to be evaluated by applying electrodeposition coating to it. Even the steel industries were involved in the world trend from mass production to the development of the functional materials. The steel industries commenced earnestly the development of precoated metal possessing the corrosion resistance, while producing steel by continuous annealing pickling line system. With the development of precoated metal, papers on the analysis and its interpretation on steel surface have begun to appear. (The development of the instrument of chemical analysis has given a big help to them. ) And the technology of the phosphate coating has progressed in combination with the technical reports on steel surface. At present, the electrodeposition system are mainly from PPGs patent. The distribution of primers for automobile bodies in each region is shown in Table 1. At present it is impossible to decide with technical investigations what sort of steels are suitable for automobile bodies. Though one side and both side galvanized steels have been utilized for automobile bodies, the development of corrosion protection would progress as a total technology while giving answers how to select the precoated steel and how to use it. The authors inferred that the essential technology for electrodeposition coating system could be throwing power and the control of deposition bath paint, and carried out the analysis of throwing power and the deposition mechanism in 1969. In the references published in the 1960s, electrodeposition coating is described as ` electrophoretic coating. The authors reported that the film forming reaction was due to water electrolysis, water removal by electroosmosis, aggregation of colloidal particles and their melting by Joules heat. In this review, the technology of the electrodeposition coating system is discussed on the basis of authors work and views referring to many papers and patents. II. Mechanism of Electrodeposition Coating 1. Signj/icance Electrodeposition of Coating Processof AutomobileBodies As structural materials for automobile bodies, steels have been widely utilized as they are supplied cheaply and in large quantities besides their strength. The main purposes of the coating are to protect the substrate from the corrosive attack and to provide it with a good appearance. Table 1. Distribution of primers in each region. (investigated in 1982, autumn) (%) (996) Transactions ISIT, Vol. 23, 1983 The method of applying primers using the electrodeposition coating process has become quite common in the automobile industry, since it was introduced during the 1960s because of its inherent processing advantages. The electrodeposition coating method fits well into the coating process in the automobile industry either as an in-line processing method or as an off-line system. The coating time is short, 2 to 3 min full immersion, for complete bodies or parts , and it coats the exterior, interior, and recessed areas in a single dip application. One technician normally operates the processing system. Bodies or parts to be coated are fully immersed in the electrodeposition bath. The electrodeposition paint formulated proper materials provides a uniform coating over all electrically conductive surfaces in the given coating time. The paint is water-borne. There are also small amounts of solvent present, approximately 5 % or less. This composition and the process efficiency are very compatible with goals to minimize air pollution. When the electrodeposition coating process is used with a ` closed-loop system, it results in high utilization of the paint. Properly designed systems have a paint utilization efficiency approaching 100 %. Most systems are designed to achieve this high efficiency. There are numerous other characteristics of the electrodeposition process, such as non-flammability. Various reactions relating to electrodeposition in connection with the object are reviewed in this chapter. Mechanismof Electrodeposition In anionic electrodeposition developed in the beginning, it was assumed that the deposition was due to the following reaction, where charged water-soluble or water-dispersible macroion R~ was changed to R at the anode. R;R+e Resin particles stabilized by macroion is called hydrophobic colloid. The deposition mechanism was assumed to be electrophoretic deposition of hydrophobic colloidal particles and its coating process was called ` electrophoretic coating process . But, it was failed to explain characteristics of electrodeposition such as superior throwing power and high productivity by the above electrode reaction with an electron transfer. Many reports including the authors research were published and it was clarified that the deposition mechanism was due to the coagulation of hydrophobic colloidal particles by H+ generated by water electrolysis. This result greatly contributed to the development of the cationic electrodeposition coating process. And by the industrial utilization of anionic and cationic electrodeposition, the above mechanism based on electrolysis was widely accepted. In electrodeposition, charged water-soluble or water-dispersible macroions are attracted by the electrode of the opposite polarity where they undergo electrochemical reactions and are deposited. If the 2. electrodepositing vehicle is represented by RX, where R~ is the macroaaion, then R+ will be deposited at the cathode (cathodic electrodeposition). Conversely, with macroanion R-, deposition will take place at the anode (anodic electrodeposition). The anodic electrodeposition relies on carboxyl groups and the cathodic on amine groups. Thus electrodeposition resins are designed and prepared like other coating polymers but are required to carry ion-forming groups, e. g. , -NH2 or -COOH . These resins are utilized in electrodeposition as indicated in Table 2. When the voltage is applied, the main reactions at the electrode are electrolysis of water and the deposition of macroion. 1) Electrolysis of water Anode 2H20 4H++02+4e 40H- p 02+2H20+4e Cathode 4H2O+4e ~ 4OW+2H2 4W+4e -p 2H2 2) Polymer deposition Anionic electrodeposition RCOO-+H+ ~ RCOOH Cationic electrodeposition R3NH++OH- f R3N+H2O As shown in Fig. , anionic electrodeposition and cationic electrodeposition are similarly symmetry. The mechanism of electrodeposition and others would be substantially considered to be the same phenomena. 3~ Table 2. Electrodepositable tion. 2 resins and mode of deposi- Fig. 1. Comparison tionic one. of anionic electrode position with ca- . Transactions ISIJ, Vol. 23, 1983 (997) 3. Mechanismof Film Formation When the constant p otential difference (100 V) was applied, the logarithm of the current was linear to time as shown in Fig. 2. This relationship is called the law of logarithm in the film formation, and indicates that the current decreases due to insulation of the electrode. When the electrodeposition period was longer than 6 sec, this relationship deviated from the linear shape and the square of the reciprocal of the current density became linear to time as shown in Fig. 3. This relationship is called the law of parabola in the film formation, and demonstrates that the mechanism of electroconduction of the electrodeposited film is ionic, controlling the rate of the film formation. From these results the mechanism of the electrodeposition film formation is discussed using the model shown in Fig. 4. When the applied potential difference is low, the melting process of the electrodeposited particles cannot occur. In this case, the particles rinsed off from the electrode by washing with tap water after electrodeposition. As the applied potential difference is increased, the melting process occurs faster. Materials formed by this melting process get increased the electric resistance. But it is not allowed to increase beyond a certain value. The film conduction depends on ionic species in the pin holes which are built up by releasing the bubbles. These bubbles and pin holes are visible although they are very small. The colloidal particles precipitate in the pin holes as shown in Fig. 4, the growing point of the film is no longer adjacent to the electrode but within a diffusion layer a finite distance away from the electrode. When the applied potential difference is too high, the random growing ruptures the uniformity of the film. The film rupture voltage is believed to depend on the rheological properties of the film and the rate of electrolysis. . E ffect of Metal Dissolution When the potential difference is applied in an electrolyte solution, the following metal dissolution may occur at the anode. MÂ ° Mn++ne The redox potential of the metal affects the possibility of the above reaction, and as the potential becomes higher, the reaction possibility becomes larger. But this does not imply the continuous reaction progr ess. When anionic species such as C1 are presented too much in the electrolyte, the dissolution reaction occurs easily and Cr04-, S04- and C03- disturb the above reaction. In anionic electrodeposition, the object is anodized and the following polymer deposition occurs; that is nRC00-+Mn+ p (RC00),z-M Fig. 2. The time relation during between the early the logarithm at of current a constant and period applied potential of 100 V. Fig . 3. The relation between the square that of reciprocal between the curpa- -),andand rent (time rameter p and time (- Fig . 4. A model of the electrodeposited film. In other words, at the anode the dissolution reaction is decreased by the polymer deposition. These reactions would not occur evenly over the automobile bodies, because of their complex-shaped structure. Since the potential difference is not the same in all the locations of automobile bodies, the electrodeposition coating process provides an uneven coating. This would deteriorate the performance of coating such as corrosion resistance and appearance. The dissolved amounts of the metal during reactions differ largely in electrodeposition bath compositions. And they are affected by the surface treatment of the steel. The adaptability of the newly developed metal materials should be strictly examined. In cationic electrodeposition the object is the cathode, and the above mentioned anodic dissolution reaction does not occur at the object. This point was aimed at and the cationic electrodeposition coating process has been developed which gives an excellent corrosion resistance. Anderson4; analyzed the metal in cationic electrodeposition films and characterized the peculiar relations of cationic electrodeposition against anionic one (Fig. 5). He presumed that the following reaction would occur at the cathode. Review (998) Transactions ISIJ, Vol. 23, 1983 MÂ °+40H- [MO2]n-+2H2O+(4-n)e Since then, his data have been cited by many researchers with a little discussion. Being based on the results electrodeposition film weight increases with an increase of the deposition time. The authors can not agree with the following approach. The metal detected in electrodeposition film is assumed to be due to the electrode reaction by a flow of current. Metallic substrate dissolves chemically without current flow. For example, corrosion with hydrogen evolution is illustrated as follows. 2Fe+3H20 Zn+H2O p + Fe203+3H2 ZnO+H2 ~ T Fig. 5. Changes cold-rolled in iron steel content with of electrodeposited deposition time. films on 1 2A1+3H2O pA1203+3H2 These reactions do not participate in electron transfer and they are not related to current flow. These corrosion reactions differ in electrodeposition bath compositions, electrodeposition process conditions, metal materials and their surface conditions. Therefore, the analysis of corrosion reactions are quite difficult. However, the practical difficulties arising from the above mentioned factors have been clarified. In cationic electrodeposition, the working electrode is the anode and anodic dissolution causes a contamination of electrodeposition bath paint. Care must be taken in cationic electrodeposition being different from anionic electrodeposition. In order to prevent the contamination by dissolved ion, the working electrode is settled inside diaphragm which ion-exchange membrane is preferably used. III. Throwing Power _l. Signficanceof Throwing Power in ProtectiveCoating In coating applications or complex-shaped automobile bodies, throwing power, the ability to extend paint films into highly recessed areas, as well as the corrosion resistance of coating are greatly demanded. These two specifications have been parallely taken as the index for the improvement and development of the electrodeposition coating process. Recently, the materials such as the cold-rolled steel, galvanized steel and othe r steels have been widely utilized for automobile bodies, and the estimation for two specifications (corrosion resistance of coating and throwing power) become complexed and varied. In order to improve the protective performance of automobile bodies, they should be examined particularly in the throwing power. In this chapter, we review in throwing power. 2. Throwing Power Test In case of the design for corrosion protection of automobile bodies, there are two following purposes to estimate throwing power. 1) To design the structure of automobile bodies and materials adaptability 2) To design electrodeposition paint and deposition coating process Review Fig. 6. Types of throwing cells (dia grammatic). For the first purpose it is recommended to make a model on the characteristics of the bodies structure. The modeling of the bodies structure generally arises from the know-how on the design for corrosion protection of the automobile industry. There have been proposed the following devices for measuring throwing power of the electrodeposition paint since it was developed. The most simple device is a comparative test. Many possible methods were described briefly by Tawn and Berry,5) and are illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 6. This diagram enables one to appreciate the meaning of throwing power. 1) Bar test (Fig. 6(a)) In this type of test, either or both of two functions can be measured : the length of the anode coated under given conditions, and the gradient of film thickness down the anode. (2) Multiple plate test (Fig. 6(b)) In this form of test, the efficiency, that is the weight or film thickness of coating on the inside plates, can be compared with that of coating on the outs ide plates. (3) Wedge test (Fig. 6(c)) In this test, it is only possible to estimate the percentage of the total area not coated with the paint. Mathematical expression of the result is difficult, due to difficulties of measuring areas accurately and defining the boundary between coated and uncoated areas. (4) Tube test (Fig. 6(d)) Several methods of this type exist, one of which is illustrated in Fig. 6(d), but in essence this is similar to the bar test, except for the restriction applied to the electrical bath by the non-conductive tube itself. (5) Cell test (Fig. 6(e)) Particular conditions may be applied to the anode in the cathode compartment, and the deposition on the anode in the separate compartment may be determined separately. Another purpose to estimate throwing power is to detect quantitatively the inherent ability of the used paint. In these several measuring methods, the tube test (Fig. 6) has been recognized to be mostly accepted method. The size of this test tube is defined fully by automobile industries. For examples, Ford Cell and GM Cell are popularly accepted in U. S. A. 3. Analysis of Throwing Power The electrodeposition paint industries have analyzed the mechanism of throwing power as corresponding to the different size of each automobile industry. Oyabu and Furuno6-8~ showed that throwing power could be related to the geometry of the test cell and coating properties by the following equation: Th2 = -. E . ,c (1) a LJ the cross-sectional area of the cell the perimeter of the cell the bath conductivity the applied voltage the current density at the coated surface of the tube at the end of the deposition experiment The equipotential surfaces at the start of the electrodeposition process are shown at the left, and those in progress at the right of Fig. . The dense distribution of equipotential surfaces along to the anode corresponds to the electrodeposited film. In this area the current density is approximately uniform. To verify the relationships between a and Th, and between L and Th in the above equations, three kinds of experiments were carried out. A steel panel was inserted into a glass tube. If the thickness of the panel is expressed by d and the width by l(d

Emotional health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Emotional health - Essay Example Erickson’s Eight Stages of Psycho-Social Development: States that the individual has to undergo eight stages of development, in order for them to become integrated into society (Erikson 359-396). Erickson focuses on eight stages in total; however the first five are aimed at childhood, whereas the last three are classifications of changes which take place throughout the rest of the individual’s lifetime. In summary, Erickson was concerned with the individual’s adaptation to society. Let’s now compare this to Sigmund Freud, and his approach, which is centered towards the individual’s adaptation to their own psychic sphere. According to Freud, the young child first develops an oral fixation, whereby as a baby and then toddler, everything goes into the mouth. They then move onto the anal stage, during toilet training, and finally at around five to seven years of age they undergo what is known as the Oedipus complex, whereby the boy fears castration, at the hands of their father, for lusting after the mother; and whereby the young girl accepts the reality that she has already been castrated. Either way, the phallic stage represents an acceptance of external authority, and a reordering of the individual’s psychic World, so that they become emotionally well regulated. Erickson versus Freud: Interestingly, when we compare, Freud to Erickson, we can clearly see that both theorists are attempting to explain the emotional developmental stages of the individual, and that for Erickson the focus is on adaptation to external challenges; whereas with Freud the focus is upon internal adaptation within the psychic reality of the individual, to the external reality which faces them. While the focus might be slightly different, the inference is the same, that a healthy individual has to come to terms with the society, in which